Translation Studies Glossary

Translation for audiovisual media, including subtitling, dubbing, voice-over, and audio description.

Translating a text from the target language back into the source language to verify accuracy.

Computer-Assisted Translation tools that help human translators with translation memory, terminology management, and workflow.

Interpreting performed after the speaker pauses, often with note-taking, in legal, medical, or diplomatic settings.

The difficulty of translating concepts embedded in one culture that lack equivalents in another.

Toury's framework for studying actual translation practices and norms rather than prescribing rules.

A translation strategy that adapts the text to the norms and expectations of the target culture.

Replacing the original audio track of a film or show with a translated voice track synchronized to the actors' lip movements.

Nida's principle of translating to produce the same effect on the target audience as on the source audience.

A translation strategy that retains the foreignness of the source text, challenging target-culture norms.

Translation that preserves the form and structure of the source text as closely as possible.

The oral transfer of meaning between languages in real time, as distinct from written translation.

Adapting content to a specific market beyond translation, including cultural, technical, and design elements.

Automated translation of text using software, including rule-based, statistical, and neural approaches.

A deep-learning approach to MT that processes entire sentences, producing more fluent and contextual translations.

Even-Zohar's theory that translated literature functions as a system within the target culture's literary polysystem.

Human review and correction of machine-translated output to achieve acceptable quality.

Interpreting in real time while the speaker is still talking, typically used at conferences.

Vermeer's functionalist theory that the purpose of the target text determines translation methods.

The original text in the source language from which a translation is produced.

Displaying translated text on screen while preserving the original audio in audiovisual media.

The translated text produced in the target language.

A database of previously translated segments used by CAT tools to suggest matches for new translations.

Socially shared regularities governing translation decisions in a given culture and period.

Venuti's concept that dominant translation cultures favor fluency that conceals the translator's presence.