Criminal Law Glossary

A person who knowingly and voluntarily assists or encourages the principal in the commission of a crime.

A judgment that a criminal defendant has not been proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, resulting in release from charges.

The physical act, unlawful omission, or voluntary conduct that constitutes the external element of a crime.

A court proceeding in which the defendant is formally charged, informed of their rights, and asked to enter a plea of guilty, not guilty, or no contest.

Money or property deposited with the court to secure a defendant's release from custody and ensure their appearance at future court proceedings.

The obligation to prove allegations or claims in a legal proceeding. In criminal cases, this burden falls on the prosecution.

An agreement between two or more persons to commit a criminal act, combined with an overt act in furtherance of the agreement.

The constitutional prohibition against being tried or punished twice for the same criminal offense after acquittal or conviction.

The constitutional requirement that legal proceedings be conducted fairly and that individuals receive notice and an opportunity to be heard.

A defense claiming that law enforcement officials induced the defendant to commit a crime they would not have otherwise committed.

Evidence that tends to establish a defendant's innocence or reduce their culpability. Prosecutors are constitutionally required to disclose such evidence under Brady v. Maryland.

A serious criminal offense, typically punishable by imprisonment for more than one year, and often carrying additional collateral consequences.

A body of citizens convened to evaluate evidence presented by the prosecution and determine whether there is probable cause to issue an indictment.

A legal writ that requires authorities to bring a detained person before a court to determine whether the detention is lawful.

A formal charge issued by a grand jury stating that there is sufficient evidence to bring a defendant to trial.

The mental element of a crime, referring to the defendant's state of mind at the time of the offense, such as intent, knowledge, recklessness, or negligence.

The constitutional warnings that must be given to suspects in custody before interrogation, including the right to remain silent and the right to an attorney.

A criminal offense less serious than a felony, typically punishable by fines, probation, community service, or imprisonment of up to one year.

The conditional early release of a prisoner who agrees to comply with specified terms and conditions under the supervision of a parole officer.

A negotiated agreement between the prosecution and defendant in which the defendant pleads guilty to a lesser charge in exchange for a lighter sentence or reduced charges.

A reasonable basis for believing that a crime has been committed or that evidence of a crime is present, required for arrests, searches, and indictments.

A court-ordered period of supervision in the community as an alternative to incarceration, subject to specified conditions.

The legal party responsible for presenting the case against the defendant in a criminal trial, representing the state or federal government.

The judicial determination of the legal consequences imposed upon a person convicted of a crime, including imprisonment, fines, probation, or community service.

A law prescribing the maximum period of time after an alleged offense during which criminal charges can be filed.