Argumentative Writing
IntermediateArgumentative writing is the craft of constructing written arguments that defend a position with evidence, reasoning, and rhetorical strategy. In the AP English Language and Composition framework, argumentative writing requires students to develop a defensible claim, support it with relevant evidence, employ logical reasoning, and address counterarguments.
Strong argumentative writing begins with a clear, specific, and debatable thesis. Evidence may come from personal experience, observation, reading, or provided sources. What distinguishes sophisticated argumentation from mere opinion is the quality of reasoning -- the logical connections between evidence and claims -- and the ability to anticipate and address objections.
The argumentative essay structure typically includes an introduction establishing the argument's context and thesis, body paragraphs with claims supported by evidence and commentary, acknowledgment and refutation of counterarguments, and a conclusion that extends or complicates the argument.
In academic, professional, and civic life, the ability to argue effectively in writing is indispensable. From policy proposals to academic papers to opinion editorials, argumentative writing is the vehicle for reasoned advocacy.
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Argument
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Learning objectives
- •Construct defensible thesis statements that take specific, debatable positions on complex issues
- •Develop a sustained line of reasoning connecting claims, evidence, and commentary throughout an argument
- •Integrate evidence smoothly using signal phrases, attribution, and varied evidence types
- •Address counterarguments through concession and rebuttal to strengthen argumentative credibility
Recommended Resources
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Books
They Say / I Say
by Gerald Graff & Cathy Birkenstein
Everything's an Argument
by Andrea A. Lunsford & John J. Ruszkiewicz
The Craft of Argument
by Joseph M. Williams & Gregory G. Colomb
A Rulebook for Arguments
by Anthony Weston
Thank You for Arguing
by Jay Heinrichs
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